9th socialogy eng mdm Notes

 9th Standard Notes

                           By VEERESHI P ARAKERI

SOCIALOGY,

CHAPTER-1 FAMILY

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 

1. The word 'family' has originated from the Latin word ____________

2. The living cell of the society is ____________

3. When the father is the head of the family, that family is called 

___________family. 

4. ___________ family is seen among the Nairs of Malabar in Kerala. 

Ans: (1) famulus; (2) family; (3) patriarchal; (4) Matriarchal. 

II. Answer the following questions: 

1. How is the family a unit of society? 

Ans: Family a unit of society. It is like a living cell. The community develops from a family, leading to the creation of a nation.  

2. Name the different kinds of families. 

Ans: Families are classified based on different principles. 

(A) Based on authority, a family can be classified as Patriarchal and Matriarchal. 

(B) Based on marriage, it can be classified as Monogamy, Bigamy and Polygamy. 

(C) Based on size, it can be classified as Undivided and Divided. 

3. What do you mean by 'Undivided Family'?

Ans: In an undivided family, there will be people of more than two generations consisting of parents, their children, grandchildren and great grandchildren. Normally the group of people living under one roof, eating food prepared in one kitchen, having equal rights to the property, engaging in same type of worship and having specific blood relatives.

4. What is meant by 'Nuclear Family'? 

Ans: A family having husband. wife and their unmarried children is called nuclear or modem family. This familial family is prevalent in the present society. 

5. What are the features of a family? 

Ans: Family is universal system. 

• It is a social system seen in all ages and all countries. 

• It is the core of all systems of the society. 

• It is from the family that neighbourhoods, villages, cities and nations have evolved. 

• Right from childhood, the members of the family not only realize their social responsibilities but also understand the need for cooperation. 

• The social traditions, morality and behaviour are all controlled by the family. 

• The family can be called a universal, pennanent and traditional structure. 

6. Describe the role of childhood and youth in the social developmental stages of an individual.

Ans: Childhood and youth in the social developmental stages of an individual Not only does the child learn the mother tongue but also the fundamental social matters/A child growing in a familial and social atmosphere develops related characteristics and gains friendly relations with other children of the same age. By mingling with others, it develops leadership qualities. Social behaviour, its requirements and restrictions influence a child resulting in the formation of healthy social relationships. Later in youth, it leads to friendship. Independence, security and social acceptance. The behaviour and habits developed in the youth continue in the adult and old ages. 

7. Describe the features of an undivided family. 

Ans: The features of an undivided family are as follows: 

(i) Large size. 

(ii) Property- all the members of the family are owners of the property. It is only with the permission of all the members that any sale or transfer of property is done. 

(iii) Residence -All the members of the family normally live under the same roof. Even when one son has a family of his own with a wife and children, he continues the earlier relationship with the core family. 

 (iv) Kitchen - They usually prepare the food in the same kitchen and consume it together. 

(v) Religion - Normally all the members of the follow the same religion. They worship the same god.

(vi) Self-independent -This family is mostly self independent. It encompasses the lives of its members completely. All members share the household chores. 

(vii) Structure of authority - The oldest member of the family has the authority to take decisions. Even when he transfers it, the policy of seniority in age is followed. 

8. What are the reasons for the increase in the number of divided families?

Ans: Divided family or Nuclear family or Primary family is prevalent in the present society. Privacy, personal happiness, self- contentment, property rights, changing social values, geographical and social structure, advances in science and 

technology, industrialization, urbanization, principles of democracy and equality, decline of religious faith and thinking, spread of materialistic attitude, freedom of women have become responsible for the increase in the number of divided families. 

S-2, SOCIALIZATION AND FAMILY RELATIONSIDPS 

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words : 

1. The process of evolution of man as a social being is called __________

2. Mother is the child's first ____________ 

3. The tender minds of children blossom through _________

Ans: (1) socialization; (2) teacher; (3) socialization 

II. Discuss in group and answer the following questions: 

1. Explain the role of peers in socialization.  

Ans: Peers, playmates and friends form a very important factor of socialization. This relationship is based on co-operation and mutual adjustment. They are mostly of the same age. As a result, the child learns from its peers what it cannot learn from its parents and teachers. This kind of knowledge is important from the view point of society. 

2. What are the values a child learns in a family atmosphere? 

Ans: The role of the family is very important in a child's socialization. The mother is the first teacher to a child and the family is the first school. The child learns its first lesson in love, affection, trust, patience, kindness, Co-operation and other values at home. The praise of its parents stimulates and encourages its activities. When it makes a mistake, punishment by parents brings it back onto the right path A Child learns obedience by being obedient to his family members. It is influenced by the intimacy with its parents. The minds of the children which are like lids, blossom fresh and fragrant under the influence of socialization. 

3. What is the role of religion in socialization?

Ans: Religion plays an important role in socialization. Religion provides a foundation of ideals to social life. It preaches life of morality. Children observe parents, elders and relatives visiting places of worship. They participate in poojas, festivals, fair and other religious celebrations. They learn religious practices. Through these, they develop an interest in social service, charity etc. and enable social welfare. 

4. Write a paragraph on the importance of socialization.  

Ans: Man is a social animal. When a baby is born it is just like any other animal. It evolves into a social being over a period of time. This process of taking birth and slowly evolving into a social individual is known as socialization. Socialization is universal. It goes on throughout a person's lifetime. The instinct that is in inborn baby and the culture around him/her influence it immensely. That utilizes the natural capability for learning in a suitable manner. He attempts to adjust to his environment and situations and live in a harmonious manner. He tries to follows the cultural aspects of his society like the prevailing traditions, customs and moral principles. He 

assimilates them in his social behaviour, All this is enabled through 

socialization. Hence, socialization is a unique feature of man. Learning culture is the result of what is learnt through socialization. . 

5. Explain the role of the school in the process of socialization. 

Ans: The school occupies an important place in the process of socialization of the child. The child gets influenced by its teachers and friends in addition to the influence of education. Through education, the child's behaviour, knowledge, morality and attitude are shaped. The child's innate abilities and talents get exposure. By expanding the horizon of life, education prepares the children for the future. The role of teachers plays a very significant in the social development of the child. At that age, they are more influenced by their teachers. The good behaviour; noble thinking 

and sense of equality expressed in the teachers' behaviour make the children imbibe love, trust, patience, kind heartedness and other values of life. Teachers should encourage children take art in extra-curricular and creative activities. The syllabus 

should include vocational training, sex education, spiritual education, physical education, life skills etc When the child learns these aspects, its socialization is complete. 

6. How do the mass media play an important role in the modern society?/ media play a vital role in today's modern society. 

Ans: Television, movies, newspapers, periodicals, dramas, radio and other media make use of literature on a large scale. Advertisements, radio programmes, stories, poems, novels, dramas, dance-dramas, music, posters quotations from great men, proverbs and words of wisdom influence children. The mass media can be used effectively through the news reports,, quiz programmes, introduction of great personalities, interviews, debates, travel reports and investigations. Programmes of educational importance have a direct beanng on the personality and good conduct of the child 

S-3,  CITIES AND OTHER COMMUNITIES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 

1. __________means a group of people living in a specific area and leading a common, social life. 

2. The cornerstone of Indian society is ___________ community. 

3. The tribes of the eastern region belong to the _________ race. 

Ans: (1) Community; (2) village; (3) Mongolian. 

II. Answer the following questions: 

1. What is meant by a 'city'?

Ans: A city is the permanent settlement of people having high population density and variety of social strata.

2. What does industrialization suggest? 

Ans: Industrialization means the change in technology used in production of materials and service. To be specific, this term is used to indicate the development of the manufacturing industry. Villagers migrated to cities for. They accepted the available opportunities to work. Geographical and industrial movement brought people closer. Railways and surface transport like buses brought people together. More than anything else, industrialization changed our social environment and created cities. 

3. Explain the term 'village'. 

Ans: A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village. The village is small group of people who not only engage in agriculture for their livelihood but also follow it as a way of life.

4. How does anthropology define ‘tribe’?

Ans: Anthropology defines tribe as a group usually restricted to a specific geographical area, having its own language, cultural harmony and social organization. 

5. Explain the features of a city. 

Ans: The features of a city are as follows: 

(i) Variety of social strata.

(ii) Anonymity, 

(iii) increased social movement, 

(iv) greater emphasis on individualism, materialistic comfort and privacy, 

(v) development of associations and unions 

(vi) families of small size and 

(vii) Fast pace of social reforms. 

6. List the features of a rural community. 

Ans: The features of a rural community as follows: 

(i) small community,

(ii) harmonious relationships

(iii) social unity, 

(iv) informal system of control, 

(v) prominence of undivided families 

(vi) prominence of agriculture, 

(vii) influence of nature, 

(viii) influence of neighbourhood,

(ix) simplicity,

(x) increased religious involvement, traditional opinions, 

(xi) wide spread caste system, 

(xii) illiteracy, poverty etc. 

7. What are the problems of rural communities? 

Ans: Some of the problems cf rural communities are as follows: 

(i) Agricultural problems. 

(ii) Problems related to cottage industries. 

(iii) Illiteracy, poverty and unemployment.

(iv) Lack of proper health facilities. 

(v) Lack of civic amenities.

8. Identify the unique features of tribal communities.

Ans: The unique features of tribal communities are- 

(i) common geographic, 

(ii) group of family/ cluster of families, 

(iii) inter-relatedness, 

(iv) common language, 

(v) simplicity and self-contained nature, 

(vi) common religion, 

(vii) common culture, 

(viii) common name, 

(ix) sense of unity and 

(x) illiteracy. 

9. How are the Indian tribes classified? 

Ans: Indian tribes can be classified under three groups - Negro, Mongolian and Mediterranean. India tribes have been geographically classified into three groups. They are – 

i) Tribals of the Eastern region, 

ii) Tribals of the Central region, and 

iii) Tribals of the Southern region. The tribes living in the Andaman and Nicobar islands are considered as the fourth group.