9th Standard Notes
By VEERESHI P ARAKERI
HISTORY.
H-1. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM.
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The birthplace of Jesus Christ is ________
2. Christ was crucified on the hillock ________
3. Christianity became the state religion of Rome during the period of ________
4. Mohammed Paigambar was born at ________
5. The holy hook of Islam is ________
6. The successors of Mohammed Paigarnbar are known as ________
Ans: (1) Bethlehem (2) Golgotha (3) Emperor Constantine (4) Mecca (5) Quran (6) Caliphs.
II. Answer the following questions in brief:
1. Write about life of Jesus Christ.
Ans: Lord Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea province. He was the only son of the poor couple, Joseph and Mary. Jesus was born when Jews were awaiting the arrival of a Messiah who would save them from their problems. John, a religious preacher baptized Jesus and declared that Jesus was Messiah; Jesus travelled throughout the country and preached his philosophy. His twelve disciples were called apostles. Jesus sympathized with the downtrodden and those who suffered from diseases and the poor. When Jesus became popular among the Jews and rejected the religions dogmas, the Emperor of Rome and a few fundamentalists started opposing him He was crucified on Friday, the 7th April of 30 B.C.
2. List the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Ans: The preachings of Jesus Christ are very simple to follow. They were based on love, Service and Brotherhood. They are told in the form of stories or parable. The teachings of Jesus Christ are as follows:
1. He told people to imagine God as their Father and all human beings were children of the God.
2. He advocated Universal Brotherhood.
3. He told people to shun hypocritical religious practices.
4. He advised people to repent for their sins and seek forgiveness from the God.
5. He asked people to do unto others what they wanted others to do to them.
6. He equated Service of Man with Service of God.
3. How was Christianity Spread?
Ans: After the crucifixion of Christ, his disciples were tortured. Some of them were crucified. During the time of Emperor Constantine, Christianity was adopted as the State Religion. Subsequently, Christianity spread throughout Europe. Today, Christian Churches are found throughout the world and have a large number of followers.
4. Write a note on the life of Mohammed Paigambar.
Ans: Prophet Mohammed was born at Mecca in 570 AD. AbduIla and Ameena were his parents. His father died before his birth and the mother died when he was six year old. Thereafter, he was brought up by his uncle Abu Bakar, who was a trader and Mohammed travelled with him. I le married a widow and had two sons and four daughters. Mohammed had a habit of introspection and meditation all alone in a cave in Mecca. Once he heard the voice of an angel who told him that he was the
Prophet of God. He spent his life in preaching the Divine Gospel which was compiled in a book called the Quran. When the orthodox community opposed Mohammed, he had to travel to Madina in 622 A.D. He brought many small tribes of Arabia together and his strength doubled. After some years to moved back to Mecca with his followers and breathed his last there.
5. What is Hijra?
Ans: When the orthodox community of Mecca opposed Prophet Mohammed. He could continue to preach there so he moved to Madina in 622 A.D. This journey became popular in history as Hijra. The Islamic calendar Hijri reckoned from this date.
6. What are the rules of Islam?
Ans: There are five basic practices or rules of Islam which are said 10 be the pillars of Islam. They are as follows:
I. Firm belief in one God and Mohammed as His Prophet.
2. Praying five times daily facing the direction of Kaaba.
3. Fasting during the Ramzan month from sunrise to sunset.
4. Donating One-fourth of their earnings to the poor.
5. Visiting Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
H-2. EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. The cultural bankruptcy of Europe is called __________
2. The owner of the land was called ___________
3. The person who maintained the land was called ___________
4. The weak person who was responsible for the maintenance of land was called _________
Ans. (1) Dark Age (2) noble (3) vassals. (4) labourers
II. Answer the following questions in brief:
1. What is feudal system?
Ans: Feudal System is political and economic system that prevailed during middle ages. The king donated land to the nobles. The nobles donated small areas of land to their subordinates called vassals. The vassals had labourers who were given land sufficient for survival as long as they worked with the vassals In a nutshell, the feudal system was an arrangement to gain specific service to the feudal lords.
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system.
Ans: (A) The advantages of the feudal system are as follows:
1. Simplicity and tailor made administrative system is the main contribution.
2. Human protection was guaranteed.
3. The ruling party could not become autocratic as they were dependent on the vassals for military service.
4. There was notable progress in the economic system.
5. Man became aware of his duties and fundamental rights and savagery of the barbaric communities was controlled.
6. England, France and Germany encouraged literature.
7. Rules and regulations were created and this made the nobles to protect women, the weak and the Christian religion.
(B) The Disadvantages are as follows:
1. A class of aristocracy came into being.
2. Arguments and disagreements began among the aristocrats, nobles and vassals.
3. Sometimes the nobles started competing with the lords or the kings.
4. Many became traitors and posed a threat to their own regional unity.
5. Judicial system became weak and there was no rule of law.
6.
6. The church and the state were at loggerheAns (quarrel)
3. Enumerate the reasons for the downfall of the feudal system.
Ans: The main reasons for the downfall of the feudal system are as follows:
1. The rise of powerful dynastic rule in England, France and Spain.
2. Development of regional languages, nationalism, lust for absolute power in the kings.
3. Military power and the Crusades hastened the fall of many systems.
4. Renaissance and reformation became the main reasons for the weakening of the feudal system.
H-3 INDIA FROM 9TH CENTURY A.D. TO 14TH CENTURY A.D.
l. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The founder of Gurjar-Pratihara Rajput dynasty was ___________
2. Prithviraj Chauhan defeated ___________ in the first battle of Terrain.
3. The chief commander of Mohammad Ghori was ___________
4. The first woman to rule among the Delhi Sultans was ___________
5. The famous Sultan of the Khilji dynasty was ___________
6. The capital was shifted from Delhi to ___________ during the rule of the Tughlaq.
Ans: (1) Harishchandra (2) Mohammed Ghori (3) Qutubuddin Aibak
(4) Razia Sultana (5) Allauddin Khilji (6) Devagiri
II. Answer in brief the following questions:
1. Explain the contributions of the Rajput kings in the field of literature.
Ans: Rajput kings have contributed a lot to the field of literature –
• King Munja as a scholar- he had poets: Padmagupta and Halayudha in his court.
• King Bhojaraja was a scholar. He had great Jain scolars like Shantisena, Prabhachandrasuri and Ghanapala,
• Great poetic works - Gita Govinda of Jayadeva, Kiratarjuniya of Bharavi, Ravanavadha of Bharthrahari , Kavyamccmumsa of Mahenrdapala were written.
• Dramas like BaJaramayana and Karpuramanjari by Rajasekhara, Mahavira cahrita and Uttara Ramacharita of Bhavabhuti.
• Historical works like Rajatarangini of Kalhana, Prithvirajavijaya of Jayanika and Kumarapalacharita of Hemachandra are significant works.
• Prithviavijaya was written by Chandbaradho and Bhojaprabandha was written by Ballala.
• Gujarati, Rajasthani and Hindi languages saw a lot of development.
2. Describe in brief the administrative system under Iltamush.
Ans: Iltamush divided his kingdom in to provinces (ikta) and to oversee the administration, appointed provincial officers (iktadars). He appointed a group of 40 slaves to advise him in the matters of administration and justice. The Prime Minister and the judges were advisors to the Sultan. Iltamush brought gold and silver coins into circulation. HE completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started in Qutubuddin Aibak's time.
3. What are the administrative reforms of Allauddin Khilji?
Ans: Allauddin Khilji brought about many reforms in the administration.
• He abolished religious endowments, inams (gifts), land and subsidy.
• He established efficient intelligence network.
• He also banned social gatherings of his lieutenants, their socialization with the public and inter-caste marriages.
• He directed his lieutenants to collect heavy tax from the public.
3. What are the administrative reforms brought in practice by Mohammad bin Tughlaq?
Ans: Mohammed bin Tughlaq was a great scholar and had vast knowledge but he lacked common sense, understanding, farsightedness and ability to take pragmatic decisions. His reforms can be observed under the following-
• Revenue reforms- He compiled a detailed record of land taxes pertaining to land holdings. He established the Department or agriculture. He rendered help to the farmers.
• Shifting of Capital-He shined his capital from Delhi to Devagiri to locate it in centre of the kingdom. Though his idea was good, Inability to make suitable arrangements for the implementation resulted innumerable people suffering a Jot of problems.
• Practice of symbolic coins - There were gold, silver, copper and brass coins in circulation. Minting of coms was not the monopoly of the government. Thus, when even the common people began minting coins, chaos resulted.
• Deccan policy-He conquered many of Deccan kingdums.
4. Give examples for the contributions of the Delhi Sultans to art and arehitecture.
Ans: The Delhi Sultans introduced a new style of arehitecture known as ‘lndo-lslamic'. Arehes, domes and minarets form the main features of the style. They constructed forts, mosques, palaces, public buildings madras as and choultries Examples of Indo- Islamic style are- Khuwatul Islam mosque, Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza and Jamait Khana mosque at Delhi.
5. What was the result of the First Battle of Panipat?
Ans: Babur invaded India in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD. and defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and established Moghul Rule.
H-4. RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA
l. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1. Shankara was born at___________ in Kerala.
2. _____________ declared that the world is an illusion, Brahma alone is the Truth.
3. Ramanujacharya's disciples are called ___________
4. Proponent of Dwaita philosophy is ___________
Ans: (1) Kalati, (2) Shankaracharya, (3) Shrivaishnavites, (4) Madhwacharya.
II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group.
1. Who is the proponent of Advaita philosophy'?
Ans: Shanksracharya is the proponent of Advaita philosophy
2. Which is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya? What is their sect called?
Ans: Vishitadvaita is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya. Their sect is called Shrivaisnavites.
3. Name the books written by Ramanujacharya.
Ans: Ramanujacharya wrote Vcdanta Samgraha, Vedanta Deepika, Shribhasya and Gita.
4. Which are the tenets advocated by Madhwacharya?
Ans: Madhwacharya said that the world is not maya or illusion. It is as true as Paramatma or the Divine Soul. Between these, the divine soul and the human soul have a lord and servant relation. Lord Vishnu or Narayana alone is supreme. Worship of Lord Vishnu can elevate the human soul and thus enable it to attain Moksha.
5. Write a note on the 'Work is Worship' philosophy of Basavanna.
Ans: Basavanna declared that 'Work is worship'. He preached that Shivasharana should not indulge in caste discrimination. Pure devotion is the true way of reaching Lord Shiva. Everyone should work and earn his living. He preached dignity of labour. He advocated the work policy for the development of society. His aim was to inspire people to develop the habit of working.
6. Who established Anubhava Mantapa? What are its objectives?
Ans: Basavanna established Anubhava Mantapa, a Sharana spiritual institution at Basavakalyana in Bidar district. The objectives are to discuss social, economic and religious problems without discriminating between castes or gender. The idea emerging from his discussions were made to reach the communities through Vachanas.
7. Name the books written by Shankaracharya.
Ans: The books written by Shankaracharya are - Shankarabhasya, Anandalahari, Soundaryalahari, Shivanandalahari, Vivekachoodamani, Prabuddasudakara, Dakshinamurthy Strota. His hymn Bhajagovindam is world famous.
H-5, VIJAYANAGAR AND THE BAHAMANI KINGDOM
I. Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks.
1. Vijayanagar Empire was established in the year__________ from ______________
2. The poetess who wrote Madhuravijaya is ___________
3. Praudhadevaraya's minister was ___________
4. The king who wrote Amukta Malya in Telugu was ___________
5. The king who constructed a Madrasa at Bidar was ___________
6. The king who wrote Kitab-E-Navarasa was ___________
Ans: (1) 1336 A.D., Hakka & Bukka. (2) Gangadevi; (3) Lakkanna Dandesha; (4) Krishnadevaraya; (5) Mohammad Gawan; (6) Ibrahim Adil Shah II
II. Answer in brief the following questions:
1. Name the four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire.
Ans: Four dynasties who ruled Vijayanagar Empire are –
(1) Sangama, (2) Saluva, (3) Tuluva, and (4) Araveedu.
2. What are the achievements of Devaraya II?
Ans: Devaraya II was the most king in the Sangama dynasty. He had earned the title of 'Elephant Hunter'. His achievements are as follows –
(a) He defeated the king Gajapati Kapilendra of Orissa and seized Kondaveedu.
(b) He expanded his kingdom upto Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader of the border.
(c) He defeated the Kerala state and received royalties from Kerala and Srilanka. Hence he came to be known as Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi (the Emperor of the South).
(d) He chased the traditional foe Ahmed Shah of Bahamani till Bijapur and occupied Mudgal and Bankapura.
(e) His commander, Lakkanna Dandesha, took up a successful naval victory.
3. What were the problems Krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne?
Ans: When Krishnadevaraya came to power, the kingdom was besieged by various complex internal and external problems.
(a) The Europeans, who had arrived through new sea routes, had established colonies.
(b) The Moghuls of the north were trying to expand their kingdom in the southern region.
(c) The five Shahi kingdoms of the Bahamani dynasty became powerful Sultanates and plunged into war against Krishnadevaraya. And
(d) The kings of Ummatthur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.
4. What are the contributions of Vijayanagar to the economic system and society?
Ans: Economic system: Vijayanagar was economically prosperous
(a) Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom.
(b) Farmers gave 1f4 of their income to the government as tax.
(c) Professional tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import and export taxes and tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.
(d) Agriculture was the backbone of the economy. Many important food and cash crops were grown.
(e) Many wells, tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.
(f) There was great progress in the field of industries and commerce.
(g) Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom, salt petre, iron ore, diamonds, granulated sugar, must, sandal perfume etc. were exported.
(h) There were many textile industries.
(i) Coins of different denominations like gold coins, gadyaana, pagoda, silver coins and copper coins were in use. There were diamonds, iron ore centers, Sapphires used to be available in plenty.
G) Countries like Arab, China and Portugal had trade relations with the Vijayanagar empire.
Society:
(a) The society was based on the 4-tiered caste system. However, there was also occupation-based caste system.
(b) There were many skilled artisans, blacksmiths, bell-metal smiths, carpenters, weavers and cobblers in the society.
(c) The practice of child marriage, sati and devadasi were prevalent.
(d) Though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.
(e) Women enjoyed a dignified status in society.
(t) Holi and Deepavali used to be celebrated with pomp and glory at Hampi under royal patronage.
5. Describe the art and arehitecture of the Vijayanagar period.
Ans: The Vijayanagar emperors were known as great patrons of arehitecture. They continued the arehitectural style of Chalukyas, Cholas, and Hoysalas.The unique feature was the construction of huge auditorium and marriage halls. The temples had huge towers (rayagopur(a), leaf-shaped arehes and platforms. In this art, more than ornamentation, the qualities of grandeur, awe and elegance have been given importance. Rough granite stone was used for construction of these structures.
The temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Lepakshi, Karkala, Bhatkal, kanchi, Srishaila, Kolar etc. The most important temple was Vidyashankara temple at Shrigeri which has unique structure. The Vijaya Vitthala temple of Hampi is known for its magnificent arehitectural beauty. The saptaswara musical pillars, huge marriage halls and the stone chariot have
enhanced the beauty of this temple. The most ancient temple at Hampi, the Virupaksha temple has a vast courtyardlhall. It has many pillars with sculptures and decorative ceilings.
6. How was Mohammad Gawan a very good prime minister of the Bahamani kingdom?
Ans: As a Prime Minister of the Bahamani kingdom, Mohammed Gawan took the Bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories. Gawan conquered Konkan, Goa and Belgaum. Later, He invaded Orissa and conquered Kondaveedu. In the year 1481 A.D., he invaded Kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.
7. Describe the administration and taxation system during the rule of the Bahamani sultans.
Ans: Administration:
(a) There were three levels of administration namely Central, Provincial and Village. Among these, there was revenue, judicial and military administration too.
(b) The Sultan was the chief of the central administration.
(c) The cabinet was called Majlis E-Ilwith.
(d) Top officials, commandants, ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the Sultan.
(e) Gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into 8 units and these provinces were administered by 15 governments.
(t) The governments were divided into paraganas. Kotwal, Deshmukh and Desai were the administrators of the paraganas. The village was the final independent unit of
administration.
Taxation system:
(a) Land tax was the main source of income for the kingdom.
(b) Amir-E-Jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities.
(c) ⁱ⁄₃ to ½ of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax.
(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines, tobacco grasslands, trade and employment.
8. Explain the education, art and arehitecture of the Bauamani sultans.
Ans: The educational policy of the Adil Shahis was to propagate Islamic culture. There were schools known as maktabs. They were under the control of mosques. The students in the maktabs were taught the alphabet, religion, law, poetry and rhetoric. The madras as were centers of higher education. Mohammed Gawan who was a scholar himself, established a madras a (college) at Bidar to encourage study of the Islamic religion and law. It had a library with around 3000 manuscripts. The college was a lodge for students, teachers, and orthodox people. Astronomy, grammar, mathematics, philosophy and political science were studied in this college.
Art and arehitecture: The Bahamani sultans developed lndo Sareenic style of arehitecture. The Jamia mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I is prominent monument even today. Ibrahim Roza, Gol Gumbaz, Gagan Mahal and Asar Mahals are the important world famous monuments. The Gol Gumbaz, at Bijapur is one
of the greatest structures in the world. It has an area of 1800 sq ft. There are 7 storied minarets in the four corners of the building. There is a huge dome in the center. The unique feature of this dome is that is one whispers standing on one side of the dome, it can be heard clearly on the other side. It is the biggest Dome in India.
H-6. THE MOGHULS AND THE MARATHAS.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The founder of the Moghul dynasty was ______________
2. The most famous emperor among the Moghuls was ______________
3. The king who built the TajMahal at Agra was ______________
4. The Moghul emperor who established the new religion Din-e-Ilahi was ______________
5. Shivaji's mother was ______________
Ans: (l) Babar; (2) Akbar; (3) Shahjahan; (4) Akbar; (5) Jijabai.
II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group:
I. Describe the military achievements of Babar.
Ans: Babar defeated the Delhi Sultan lbrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D. and established the Moghul dynasty in India. Over a period of four years, he defeated Rana Sangramsingh of Mewad, the Rajput king Medinarayana of Chanderi and Ibrahim Lodhi's brother, Mohammed Lodhi. Babar conquered Panipat, Goghra and Kanwa He established Moghul rule over a vast area in North India.
2. Compare and contrast the present-day administrative system with that of Sher Shah.
Ans: Sher Shah established an efficient administration.
1) He divided his kingdom into four main departments.
2) He was the first ruler who constructed four main highways that connected the major cities. On either side of the highway, shade-giving trees were planted and 1700 sarais were constructed.
3) The land in the kingdom had been classified as excellent, average and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave part of their income as land tax to the government.
4) If there was damage to crops during the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers. All these features of the administration of Shershah are similar to the present administration.
3. Name the areas won by Akbar.
Ans: Akbar defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipar. Akbar conquered Malva, Jaipur, Gondavan, Chittor, Ranatharnbhor, Kalinjar, Gujarat and Bengal. Akbar fight against Rana Pratap (The Battle of Haldighat) and emerged victorious. The remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orissa, Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.
4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and arehitecture.
Ans: ShahJahan was called a great builder. He constructed the famous, immensely valuable ruby-studded Peacock throne. He constructed the TajMahal in Agra which is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. He constructed the Red Fort at Delhi. He built Akbari Mahal, Jehangiri Mahal. He built forts in Lahore and Allahabad similar to the one at Agra. Hence, his period is referred to as the 'Golden Age of Moghal Art and Arehitecture.
5. Describe Shivaji's system of administration.
Ans: Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He had divided his kingdom into many provinces. They were called Swaraj and Moghal areas. There were minsters known as Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. In addition to them, there were other officials. Province, district and village were the administrative units.
6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.
Ans: Bajirao I was an unparalleled warrior. He conquered, Malwa and gained the authority to collect Chouth and Sardeshmukhi taxes. He got a vast stretch between the Narmada and Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees as compensation tor defeating the Moghals in a battle near Bhopal. He conquered Salcet and Basin from the Portuguese and Janjira from the Siddhis He not only ruled efficiently but also regained the glory of the Maratha Empire.
H-7 BHAKTI PANTH
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Bhakti means ______________ to God.
2. The famous follower of Ramanand was ______________.
3. Kabirs followers are called ______________.
4. The collection of Chaitanya's philosophical thoughts is called______________
Ans: (1) devotion/ Trusting, (2) Kabir Das, (3) Kabirpanthis, (4) Chaitanya Charitamruta
II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group:
1. Who popularized worship of Rama and Sita? What are his services to society?
Ans: Ramananda popularized worship of Rama and Sita. He established a Vaishnava religious school based on love and devotion. He travelled to several places in North India and popularized the worship of Ram and Sita. He condemned caste system and allowed people from every caste system to join his sect.
2. Who are Sikhs? Which is their holy book?
Ans: The followers of Guru Nanak are called Sikhs. His teachings are collected in a book called Grant Sahib. It is their holy book.
3. What are the effects of the Bhakti movement?
Ans: Some of the effects of the Bhakti movements are as followed-
(a) Reform of the Hindu practices and bringing about harmony between Hindus and Muslims were the two main purposes of the Bhakti movement.
(b) Many weaknesses in the Hindu society were removed.
(c) The regional language of India flourished since the reformers wrote in these languages.
(d)The development of regional languages enabled development of Indian culture.
H-8, MODERN EUROPE
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Renaissance means ______________.
2. ______________ is called the father of Renaissance.
3. Followers of Martin Luther are .
4. The leader of the. ______________ Reformation movement is ______________
5. Founder of the spinning jenny machine is………
Ans:- (1) rebirth/ reawake (2) Petrareh/ Italy; (3) Protestants: (4) Religious, Martin Luther, (5) Hargreaves.
II. Answer the following questions by discussing with your group:
1. What were the consequences of religious reformation?
Ans:- The consequences of religious reformation are as follows:
1. Christianity was divided into three sects - Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and Protestant church.
2. Many European kings got liberated from the hold of the Church and the pope.
3. Religious reformation led to rise of nationalism.
4. The confiscated wealth of the Church was utilized for the economic development.
5. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious tolerance.
6. Due to this movement, the literacy field saw progress. Local languages influenced the European minds.
7. The Catholic Church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as Counter Reformation.
2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?
Ans: Some of the reasons for geographical explorations are as follows:
1. When the Turks conquered the city of Constantinople in 1453 A.D., the Europeans faced the inevitability of finding a new sea route to India.
2. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade.
3. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility spreading Christianity.
4. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyages towards eastern countries.
5. Mariner's compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful to sailors. Charts and maps were available to sailors.
6. The Europeans believed that China was a fertile place to make profit.
3. Which are the water-colour paintings of Leonardo da Vinci?
Ans: Leonardo da Vinci's paintings are Last Super and Mona Lisa.
4. Explain the development of literature in the period of Renaissance with an Example.
Ans: Italy was the motherland of great writers. The theme of the literature was worldly matter rather than religion. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages came to be used in daily life. Petrareh is known as the 'Father of renaissance'. He collected about 200 Latin and Greek Manuscripts. A collection of 100 stories called Decameron written in Italian by Boccaccio, the famous work Divine Comedy by Dante, Canterbury Tales by Chaucer of England, Don Quixote by Cervantes of Spain, Utopia written by Thomas More of England are some of the notable works. Shakespeare was an excellent poet and dramatist. St. Paul School, established in London, was dedicated to the acquisition of this new knowledge.
5. Describe the effects of Industrial Revolution.
Ans: Some of the effects of Industrial Revolution are as follows:
1. Due to the innumerable changes in industries, demand for machines grew.
2. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.
3. New factories were established.
4. The cost of production came down and essential products were available at a low price.
5. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they collapsed.
6. The rich became richer and richer and the poor remained poor.
7. People had to migrate from villages to towns.
8. A capitalist class emerged in society.
9. Hostilities developed between the owners and the workers, and class conflict began.
H-9, REVOLUTION AND RISE OF NATIONALISM
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The 13 colonies established by England on the Atlantic coast was called ______________
2. The representatives of the 13 colonies met in 1774 at ______________
3. Declaration of America's independence was on ______________
4. The writer of Spirit of Laws was ______________
5. The party 'Young Italy' was formed by ______________
6. The philosophy of 'blood and steel' was advocated by ______________
Ans: (1) New English Colonies, (2) Philadelphia, (3) 4th July, (4) Montesquieu,
(5) Joseph Mazzini, (6) Otto-van-Bismarek
II. Answer the following questions:
1. Mention the reasons for American War of Independence.
Ans: Some of the reasons for American War of Independence are as follows:
(a) The rise of nationalism among the people of the colonies.
(b) The desire for independence among the colonies.
(c) The effects of the 'Seven Years' war.
(d) The naval regulations.
(e) Influence of writers like Thomas Paine, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Edward Coke and Benjamin Franklin.
(f) The Quebec regulation.
(g) The Townsend taxes and
(h) The Boston tea party.
2. Explain the significance of the American war of independence.
Ans: The American war of independence acted as an inspiration for the French Revolution. Many of the French who fought assisting the colonial army became leaders of the French revolution. Many of the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies in America got inspired to become free and hence, revolted against their motherland. The new nation called the United States of America was born.
3. How were economic factors responsible for the French revolution?
Ans: The economic factors responsible for the French revolution are France was an agriculture-dominated nation. In spite of advances in agricultural practices, production lagged behind. The yield from land was very low. The fanners were the most affected. Famines were frequent. As a result, there used to be revolts and riots for food. Industries were under the control of trade unions. Due to internal strife and interference from authorities, the development of these unions was sluggish. Hence, productivity was low.
4. What was the role of Garibaldi in Italy's unification?
Ans: Garibaldi is one of the arehitects of Italy's unification. He was a soldier and fighter. He joined the Young Italy part and assumed leadership of the revolution. After that he constituted an army called Red Brigade and with the help of Sardinia, fought with Austria. In 1860, he fought against the twin states of Sicily using his Red Brigade. By conquering the same, he hastened the national integration and pressed for democratic reforms.
5. Who was the arehitect of unification of Germany? Write a note on him.
Ans: Ottoman Bismarek was the arehitect of Germany's unification.
He was the chief minister of the King of Prussia, Williams. He had gained lot of popularity as an ambassador in various nations like Austria, France and Russia. He had the knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses. His ambition was the unification of Germany; He wanted to convert Germany into Prussia. That meant inculcating the culture and traditions, and spread the administrative machinery and military power all over Germany; He built a powerful army on the principle of 'Blood and Steel'. His next aim was to drive out Austria from German states association. The well formed German armies defeated Austria in the year 1866 A.D. Bismarek realized that a war with France was inevitable to gain the 16 German states in the south attached to France. He was successful in merging these states with Germany when Napoleon was defeated by these states when he tried to capture them. Thus Bismarek completed the unification of Germany.
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