8th Std Social Science Notes.
by Veeresh. P
(POLITICAL SCIENCE)
Meaning and Importance of Political Science
I. Fill up the blanks:
1. The word Politics was derived from the Greek word ______
2. 'Republic' was the work of ____________
3. Aristotle wrote a book on political science and it is called __
4. Koutilya's work relating to political science is _____________
Ans: (1)-Polis; (2)-Plato; 3) - The Politics; (4) - Arthashastra
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What is political science?
Ans: Political Science is a study of political activities of man. Political Science is one of the branches of Social Science. It deals with the state and government. It studies the origin and nature of state and forms of political institutions. The study of state is the main subject matter of political science.
2. Who began the systematic study of Political Science?
Ans: The Greeks began the systematic study of Political Science.
3. Who is called the Father of Political Science?
Ans: Aristotle is called the Father of Political Science
4. Give definition of Political Science.
Ans: (a) Political science is the subject which deals with the affairs of the city state and its working.
(b) It is the study of the state in the past, present and future, of political organization, political functions and political Theories.
5. Mention use of the study of Political Science?
Ans: The study of Political Science helps us in the following ways. 1) It helps us to understand the need for a state, good governance of the state, the role of the leaders and people's participation. 2) It helps the people to become good, responsible, cultured and active citizens. 3) The knowledge of Political Science contributes to the establishment of a just, peaceful, progressive and happy state, which is the dream of millions and millions of people for a long time everywhere.
CITIZEN AND CITIZENSHIP
I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. The people living in India under the British rule were termed as ____________
2. A temporarily residing foreigner in our country is called ______
3. Citizenship Act was passed in the year ______
4. The method through which you have acquired citizenship is ___________
Ans: 1. Subjects; 2. Alien; 3. 1955; 4. by birth
II. Answer the following questions briefly:
1. What is citizenship?
Ans. The term 'citizen' in modern times refers to a person who is full fledged member of the state, enjoying all rights - civil, political and economic and owing allegiance to the state to which he belongs.
2. What are the benefits enjoyed by a citizen?
Ans. The benefits enjoyed by a citizen are as follows:
(a) He enjoys security and gets protection from the state.
(b) He enjoys a peaceful life as the state ensures law and order.
(c) In modern times under social welfare schemes, he enjoys benefits like education, health, insurance, settlements, employment, and such others provided by the state.
(d) He enjoys both the civil and political rights.
(e) He enjoys the fundamental right, guaranteed by the state.
(f) He can participate in the political processes like voting and contesting in the elections.
(g) He is eligible to occupy certain offices such as those of the President of India, Judge of the Supreme Court, High Courts and such others.
(h) He is eligible for recruitment to all public services.
3. Name the body which has the authority to legislate the laws on citizenship in India.
Ans. Parliament is the sole authority to legislate the laws of citizenship in India.
4. Mention the methods of acquiring citizenship.
Ans. The methods of acquiring citizenship are-
(1) Citizenship by birth
(2) Citizenship by descent
(3) Citizenship by registration
(4) Citizenship by naturalization
(5) Citizenship by incorporation of a new territory.
5. Explain citizenship by naturalization.
Ans. Foreigners can acquire Indian citizenship by naturalization, by submitting an application to the concerned authority, i.e., the President of India. Certain conditions have to be fulfilled by them before submitting the application. They should have lived in India for not less than a period of five (5) years.
6. What are the methods of losing citizenship'?
Ans. Some of the important ways of losing citizenship may be stated as follows:
(a) Renunciation: Any Indian may renounce citizenship voluntarily by submitting an application before the concerned authority.
(b) Termination: If any citizen of India acquires the citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.
(c) Deprivation: If any person has obtained the citizenship of India by fraud or if he/she has indulged in anti-national Activities or shown disloyalty towards the Constitution of India, the Government of India deprives him/her of his/ her citizenship. It is forced termination.
7. Mention a situation under which citizenship is terminated?
Ans. If any citizen of India acquires citizenship of any other country his Indian citizenship is terminated by law. This procedure does not require the submission of any application.
8. Mention the types of citizenship and write the differences between them.
Ans. Types of citizenship: There are two types of citizenship. They are single citizenship and dual citizenship.
In a single citizenship people have only one citizenship. That is national citizenship irrespective of the province that he belongs to. There is no separate state citizenship for e.g. India.
In federal stales like USA and Switzerland there is a dual citizenship. That means every individual obtains State citizenship in which he lives and national citizenship also.
9. What are the duties of a citizen towards his nation?
Ans. The duties of a citizen towards his nation are as follows:
(a) He must respect the constitution and obey the laws of the government.
(b) Must protect the national honour and dignity by his words and deeds.
(c) Must not indulge in anti-national activities.
(d) Must oppose and check the evil practices like corruption,
nepotism, dowry, child marriage, etc., through constitutional means.
(e) Must participate in the political activities of the state.
(f) Must work for national progress.
(g) Must pay taxes regularly.
DEMOCRACY
I. Fill up the blanks
1. The word Democracy is derived from the word ______
2. The party that commands majority in the legislature and looks after the administration is called ________ party.
3. The minimum age to vote in India is__________ years.
4. The elections conducted once in five years in a routine manner are termed as ________ elections.
5. The electronic machine used to register the votes is called_____
Ans: 1. Demokratia 2. Ruling 3. Eighteen 4. general 5. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)
II. Answer the following:
1. What are the advantages of democracy?
Ans. The advantages or merits of democracy are as follows:
(a) It protects the rights and independence of the people
through an independent judiciary.
(b) It is based on the principles of equality and provides an opportunity to people to involve themselves in decision making and framing laws.
(c) People elect representatives and the government of their choice.
(d) Decisions are taken after debate and discussions. Decisions are based upon public opinion.
(e) Opposition checks the misuse of power by the
government.
(f) The fundamental rights provide an opportunity for the
development of the personality of an individual.
(g) It develops nationalism, patriotism, and respect to people and creates unity in the midst of diversity.
2. Mention the different types of Government.
Ans. The types of Government are as follows:
(a) Monarchy (b) Dictatorship
(c) Military Dictatorship (d) Communist Government.
3. How is direct democracy different from indirect democracy?
Ans. Direct democracy:-
(a) The people directly participate in electing their government, making policies and laws for their own progress and development.
(b) It is practiced only in countries of small size and population.
(c) It becomes more effective through referendum and initiative.
Indirect democracy:-
(a) The people elect their representatives through periodical elections and send them to legislative bodies.
(b) It is most suitable in bigger nations like India, USA and such other nations.
(c) The representatives involved in the process of law making and also control the administration.
4. What is universal adult franchise?
Ans. In India voting right is provided to all people aged eighteen and above, regardless of caste, qualifications, creed, religion, language and gender. This is called universal adult franchise.
5. List out the essential factors for the Success of democracy.
Ans: Factors essential for the success of democracy are as follows.
(a) People should have an urge to protect democracy.
(b) People must always be vigilant.
(c) Tolerance is one of the basic qualities needed for the success of democracy. They must work with the spirit of give and take.
(d) Success of democracy depends upon good leadership. He must possess the qualities of service. Patriotism and spirit of sacrifice.
(e) Efficient opposition party keeps the governments alert.
(f) Well informed and educated electorate contributes to the success of democracy.
(g) Success of democracy depends upon the role of the
people. People must compulsorily vote and elect efficient
and non-corrupt leaders.
(h) Free, fearless and unbiased press contributes to the
success of democracy
(i) Well-organized, efficient and responsible local bodies
strengthen democracy.
6. Why is efficient opposition party an essential factor in
democracy?
Ans. Efficient opposition party keeps the government alert. It checks the Ruling party from becoming dictatorial.
7. Why are periodical elections necessary in democracy?
Ans. In democracy people are the ultimate source of sovereignty and government derives its power from them. Therefore periodical elections are held to provide an opportunity to the people to choose better representatives through elections.
8. Success of democracy depends on the voter. Justify.
Ans. Success of democracy or government depends upon the voter. So voter must not come under the influence of caste, creed, and money or muscle power while voting. The voter must be careful while choosing a candidate. He must choose the candidate with good qualities and capabilities.
9. Distinguish between regional and national parties.
Ans. National Political Parties: National parties have their
branches in many states of our union. They have respectable number of representation in parliament and also in state legislatures. The Election Commission grants recognition to national parties. Indian National Congress, Bharatiya Janata Party, Communist Party are a few major national parties
Regional Political Parties: They are also called State Political Parties. Political organizations securing respectable number of seats in the assembly elections are recognized as state parties or regional parties. Janata Dal in Karnataka, DMK, AIADMK in Tamil Nadu and Telugu Desam in Andhra Pradesh are a few major regional political parties.
10. How is media helpful for the efficient administration of
the Government?
Ans. The media provides day-to-day information about the
happenings. It helps the government to know about the views of the people on important issues. Media makes representatives accountable and answerable to issues raised by the people.
11. What are the objectives of Right to Information?
Ans. The objective of Right to Information Act is
(a) to check corruption in public life.
(b) to bring about transparency in administration and
(c) make the government accountable to people.
LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT
I. Fill in the blanks :
1. The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act that is in force now was passed in the year ____________
2. The body of the village council in which all the voters of the village can participate is ________
3. The presidents of Grama Panchayats are chosen to Taluk Panchayats on the basis of __________ system.
4. The officer appointed by the Government to look after the day to day executive work of Zilla Panchayat is called ______
5. The total number of City Corporations in Karnataka including Bangalore is__________
Ans: (1) 1985 (2) Gram Sabha (3) Lottery
(4) Chief Executive Officer (5) Eight
II. Answer the following:
1. What are the objectives of Local Self-government?
Ans. Objectives of the Local Self Government are as follows:
(a) to involve the local people in solving the problems of their own locality.
(b) to provide the knowledge of administration to common people.
(c) to help in decentralizing powers and make the
administration become more efficient.
(d) to train or develop leadership qualities among people at the grass root level.
2. How is the local body of your area formed?
Ans. According to this Panchayat Raj Act 1985, local bodies are created through direct elections.
3. Mention the functions of your local body.
Ans. Some of the functions of the local bodies are as follows:
(a) to maintain and protect the panchayat property.
(b) to prepare the annual budget
(c) to undertake health and family welfare programs.
(d) to plan and undertake the developmental works like laying of roads, electrification, housing and supply of drinking water, etc.
(e) to encourage and implement the secondary adult and
Informal education programmes.
(f) to provide facilities for the distribution of essential
commodities like food grains, kerosene, etc.
(g) to encourage and execute agricultural extension programs, animal husbandry, khadi, handicraft industries, etc.
(h) to plan and implement the welfare schemes for the benefit of SC, ST, weaker sections, Women and children.
4. What are the sources of income of your local bodies?
Ans. The main sources of income of the local bodies are as follows:
(a) Amount collected through water cess, health cess, education cess, library and reading room cess.
(b) Amount collected through building tax, vacant land tax, taxes and business establishments, markets, entertainment houses and advertising bodies.
(c) Taxes collected from the tourist spots.
(d) Rental and lease amount collected on their properties.
(e) Financial grants from the state government.
5. List out the members who have right to vote and those
who have no right to vote in the local bodies.
Ans. The members of the Zilla Panchayats at district level, Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and Grama Panchayat at village level are selected through elections. The members who have no right to vote in the local bodies are as follows:
(a) The Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Panchayat.
(b) The five nominated members of the city corporation.
6. Mention the need for constituting standing committees
in local bodies.
Ans. The Standing Committees are constituted to establish and strengthen the local bodies to have efficient administration.
7. List out the group of members who have been provided
reservations in tile local bodies.
Ans. Reservation is provided to SC, ST, back ward communities and women in the local bodies.
8. What should be the population to classify an area as town or city?
Ans. An area with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 is considered a town. Similarly, an area with a population between 50,000 and 3 lakhs is considered as a city.
9. What are the three tiers of Panchayat Raj in Karnataka?
Ans. The three tiers of Panchayat Raj in Karnataka are
(1) Zilla Panchayat at district level
(2) Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and
(3) Grama Panchayat at village level.
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